Products related to Causality:
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Causality
Written by one of the preeminent researchers in the field, this book provides a comprehensive exposition of modern analysis of causation.It shows how causality has grown from a nebulous concept into a mathematical theory with significant applications in the fields of statistics, artificial intelligence, economics, philosophy, cognitive science, and the health and social sciences.Judea Pearl presents and unifies the probabilistic, manipulative, counterfactual, and structural approaches to causation and devises simple mathematical tools for studying the relationships between causal connections and statistical associations.Cited in more than 2,100 scientific publications, it continues to liberate scientists from the traditional molds of statistical thinking.In this revised edition, Judea Pearl elucidates thorny issues, answers readers' questions, and offers a panoramic view of recent advances in this field of research.Causality will be of interest to students and professionals in a wide variety of fields.Dr Judea Pearl has received the 2011 Rumelhart Prize for his leading research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and systems from The Cognitive Science Society.
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The Effect : An Introduction to Research Design and Causality
The Effect: An Introduction to Research Design and Causality is about research design, specifically concerning research that uses observational data to make a causal inference.It is separated into two halves, each with different approaches to that subject.The first half goes through the concepts of causality, with very little in the way of estimation.It introduces the concept of identification thoroughly and clearly and discusses it as a process of trying to isolate variation that has a causal interpretation.Subjects include heavy emphasis on data-generating processes and causal diagrams. Concepts are demonstrated with a heavy emphasis on graphical intuition and the question of what we do to data.When we “add a control variable” what does that actually do?Key Features: • Extensive code examples in R, Stata, and Python• Chapters on overlooked topics in econometrics classes: heterogeneous treatment effects, simulation and power analysis, new cutting-edge methods, and uncomfortable ignored assumptions• An easy-to-read conversational tone• Up-to-date coverage of methods with fast-moving literatures like difference-in-differences
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Causality, Probability, and Medicine
Why is understanding causation so important in philosophy and the sciences?Should causation be defined in terms of probability?Whilst causation plays a major role in theories and concepts of medicine, little attempt has been made to connect causation and probability with medicine itself.Causality, Probability, and Medicine is one of the first books to apply philosophical reasoning about causality to important topics and debates in medicine.Donald Gillies provides a thorough introduction to and assessment of competing theories of causality in philosophy, including action-related theories, causality and mechanisms, and causality and probability.Throughout the book he applies them to important discoveries and theories within medicine, such as germ theory; tuberculosis and cholera; smoking and heart disease; the first ever randomized controlled trial designed to test the treatment of tuberculosis; the growing area of philosophy of evidence-based medicine; and philosophy of epidemiology. This book will be of great interest to students and researchers in philosophy of science and philosophy of medicine, as well as those working in medicine, nursing and related health disciplines where a working knowledge of causality and probability is required.
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A Logical Theory of Causality
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Is causality time-dependent?
Causality is not inherently time-dependent. Causality refers to the relationship between cause and effect, and it can occur at any point in time. Events in the past can cause effects in the present, and events in the present can cause effects in the future. The concept of causality is not limited to a specific point in time, as it can occur across different time frames. Therefore, causality is not inherently time-dependent.
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What is circular causality?
Circular causality refers to a situation where the cause and effect of a phenomenon are interconnected and influence each other in a continuous loop. In other words, instead of a linear cause-and-effect relationship, where one event leads to another in a straight line, circular causality involves a feedback loop where each event influences the other in a continuous cycle. This concept is often used in systems theory to describe complex interactions within a system, where multiple factors interact with each other in a non-linear and interconnected manner.
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What is the principle of causality?
The principle of causality is the idea that every event is caused by a preceding event or set of events. It suggests that there is a cause and effect relationship between events, where one event leads to the occurrence of another. This principle is fundamental in understanding the natural world and forms the basis of scientific inquiry and reasoning. It implies that events do not happen randomly but are the result of specific causes.
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What is the causality of existence?
The causality of existence refers to the idea that everything that exists has a cause or reason for its existence. This concept suggests that nothing can come into being without a cause or explanation. It implies that there is a chain of events or actions that lead to the existence of everything in the universe. Understanding the causality of existence helps us make sense of the world around us and provides a framework for exploring the interconnectedness of all things.
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Causality : Philosophical Theory meets Scientific Practice
Head hits cause brain damage - but not always. Should we ban sport to protect athletes? Exposure to electromagnetic fields is strongly associated with cancer development - does that mean exposure causes cancer?Should we encourage old fashioned communication instead of mobile phones to reduce cancer rates?According to popular wisdom, the Mediterranean diet keeps you healthy.Is this belief scientifically sound? Should public health bodies encourage consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables?Severe financial constraints on research and public policy, media pressure, and public anxiety make such questions of immense current concern not just to philosophers but to scientists, governments, public bodies, and the general public.In the last decade there has been an explosion of theorizing about causality in philosophy, and also in the sciences.This literature is both fascinating and important, but it is involved and highly technical.This makes it inaccessible to many who would like to use it, philosophers and scientists alike. This book is an introduction to philosophy of causality - one that is highly accessible: to scientists unacquainted with philosophy, to philosophers unacquainted with science, and to anyone else lost in the labyrinth of philosophical theories of causality.It presents key philosophical accounts, concepts and methods, using examples from the sciences to show how to apply philosophical debates to scientific problems.
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Causality and Causal Explanation in Aristotle
Aristotle's writings about causality and its relation to natural science are at the heart of his philosophical project, and at the origin of a 2,000-year history of inquiry into these topics.Yet for all the work done on various aspects of his thought, there has been no full-length philosophical study of his theory of causality, and some basic questions about it remain under-examined.For example, it is unclear, from what he and his commentators have said, (a) how Aristotle answers the main philosophical questions about causality to which he thinks his predecessors' answers are flawed, and (b) how his answers bear on the main questions we confront in thinking about causality in general, such that those answers could be usefully critiqued, developed, and compared with others.Nathanael Stein's book addresses these two questions.It is not a survey of Aristotle's claims, but rather focuses on a set of key conceptual, metaphysical, and epistemological questions that are important both for understanding Aristotle's responses to his predecessors and for understanding causality in general.The book thus provides the kind of philosophical engagement with Aristotle that has proven so fruitful in other domains, such as ethics and metaphysics.It also aims to contribute to a more accurate understanding of the differences between ancient and modern approaches to the natural world.This book is meant for anyone interested in philosophical theories of causation and explanation and their history, as well as those who have read Aristotle's thoughts on the topic of causality and come away wondering what it all really adds up to, and how we might engage with it.
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Shakespeare's Ghost Writers : Literature as Uncanny Causality
The plays of Shakespeare are filled with ghosts – and ghost writing.Shakespeare's Ghost Writers is an examination of the authorship controversy surrounding Shakespeare: the claim made repeatedly that the plays were ghost written.Ghosts take the form of absences, erasures, even forgeries and signatures – metaphors extended to include Shakespeare himself and his haunting of us, and in particular theorists such Derrida, Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud – the figure of Shakespeare constantly made and remade by contemporary culture.Marjorie Garber, one of the most eminent Shakespearean theorists writing today, asks what is at stake in the imputation that "Shakespeare" did not write the plays, and shows that the plays themselves both thematize and theorize that controversy. This Routledge Classics edition contains a new preface and new chapter by the author.
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Rediscovering the Integral Cosmos : Physics, Metaphysics, and Vertical Causality
When a physicist who becomes a metaphysician, and a metaphysician who studies physics, join together to examine science (quantum physics and cosmogenesis in particular), explosive results might well be expected.Here Wolfgang Smith and Jean Borella return us to a Weltanschauung that can finally account for the world in all its dimensions.
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What is causality according to Kant?
According to Kant, causality is a fundamental concept that governs our understanding of the world. He argues that causality is not something that we directly observe in the world, but rather a necessary concept that our minds impose on our experience in order to make sense of it. Kant believes that we cannot know things as they are in themselves, but only as they appear to us through the framework of our mental categories, including causality. Therefore, causality is a necessary condition for our experience of the world, but it is not something that we can directly perceive.
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How can one prove that causality exists?
Causality can be proven through empirical evidence and logical reasoning. By observing the relationship between two events and consistently finding that one event leads to the other, we can establish a causal link. Additionally, conducting controlled experiments and statistical analyses can help demonstrate causality by showing that changes in one variable directly result in changes in another. Furthermore, the use of counterfactuals and the application of causal models can help establish causality by ruling out alternative explanations for the observed relationship between events.
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Is the belief in causality a religion?
No, the belief in causality is not a religion. Causality is a fundamental principle in science and philosophy that states that every event is caused by a preceding event. It is based on empirical evidence and logical reasoning, rather than faith or worship. While causality may be a concept that is discussed within religious contexts, it is not inherently a religious belief in and of itself.
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What is the difference between correlation and causality?
Correlation refers to a relationship between two variables where they tend to change together, but it does not imply that one variable causes the other to change. Causality, on the other hand, implies a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, where changes in one variable directly result in changes in the other. While correlation can indicate a potential relationship between variables, causality requires further evidence to establish a direct link between them. In essence, correlation does not imply causation.
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